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Most of the alleged spider bites turn out to be skin and soft-tissue infections,allergic reactions, dermatoses, signs of neoplasia and wounds caused by physical orchemical agents or by other arthropods (usually blood-sucking bugs such asmosquitoes and ticks - accountable for several conditions, including Lyme disease).Lyme disease can cause local and systemic symptoms that are similar to thoseresulting from a Loxosceles bite and therefore is sometimesmisdiagnosed as such [22]. Such diseaseshould always be considered in endemic areas when performing a differentialdiagnosis for a suspected spider bite. Tularemia may also mimic necrotic arachnidism[23]. Lesions showing signs of necrosisare most likely to be attributed to a spider bite, probably because it is known thatthe venom of some spiders can cause dermonecrotic lesions. In the USA, dermonecroticwounds of uncertain etiology are often attributed to the brown recluse spider(Loxosceles reclusa, a relative of the Mediterranean L.rufescens) and many such diagnoses occur in parts of the country wherethe spider is not native [24].
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The Charlotte Hornets President of Basketball Operations and General Manager Mitch Kupchak announced today the team has signed free agent guard Ty-Shon Alexander. Per team policy, terms of the deal were not disclosed.
Natural therapy, be it plant or animal derived, is occupying a vast section gradually as antineoplastic or cytotoxic agent due to the increasing uncontrollable adverse effects and ineffectiveness (possibly in metastasis and recurrence conditions) of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The last three decades have seen attempts at detecting promising anticancer activity of animal venoms and toxins, some of which are presently under clinical trial (Lorenzo et al. 2012). Scorpion venom can be an amazing therapeutic agent against cancer as it inflicts upon cancer cells by arresting cell cycle at the S-phase thereby acting as a proliferative curb (Lorenzo et al. 2012; Ahluwalia and Shah 2014). SVTs are an inducer of apoptosis, aggravates neoplastic cells by amplifying production of nitric oxide, shows caspase-3 activity and depolarizes mitochondrial membrane (Ahluwalia and Shah 2014). Presently, positive results from in-vivo, in-vitro examination and Phase I and II clinical trials have proven SVTs as anticancer therapeutic agent (Kastin 2006). Cuba and Dominican Republic islands dwelling Blue (or Red) Scorpion (Rhopalurus junceus) is steadily gaining fame as an antineoplastic (Podnar 2015; Lorenzo et al. 2012) and is the thrust area for inquisitive researchers as numerous experiments are being executed on this arthropod to evaluate its pharmacological aspects. A protein constituent of this scorpion can abolish cancer cell proliferation (Ahluwalia and Shah 2014). Natives of the Caribbean island have been using this venom as an antitumor agent since 1997 (Podnar 2015). Novel discovery elucidates venom of this scorpion acts as a pain reliever and replenisher of energy in cancer patients (Lorenzo et al. 2012). A recent research work proposed by Díaz-García et al. (2017) on treatment recalcitrant Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) cell line (MDA-MB-231) demonstrated high cytotoxic activity of this arthropod venom breaking grounds for new therapeutic approaches (Díaz-García et al. 2017).
Traditionally used, venom of BMK scorpion is a possessor of multiple pharmacological activities including cancer and brain tumor (found effective against brain tumor cell line U251-MG) (Gomes et al. 2010; Díaz-García et al. 2013). Antitumor-analgesic peptide (AGAP) obtained by the application of recombinant DNA technology from this scorpion venom and expressed in Escherichia coli have confirmed to have both analgesic and antitumor activity in mice (Hmed et al. 2013). This peptide in a much lower dose compared to other antineoplastic agents has revealed of increasing antitumor activity with very few adverse effects (Oukkache et al. 2013). It can inhibit glioma cell proliferation by regulating their ion channels (Gomes et al. 2010). A peptide isolated from this scorpion has proven to be an anti-thrombotic (Petricevich et al. 2013) and another polypeptide having dose-dependent inhibitory activity arrested cell cycle of prostate cancer cell line DU-145 at G1 phase (Mishal et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2009). Antiapoptotic role of this polypeptide can be due to highly expressed Bax (proapoptotic) or downregulated Bcl-2 (antiapoptotic) (Zhang et al. 2009). BMHYA1, an enzyme procured by extraction and purification from this scorpion hampers overexpression of CD44 surface marker in cancer cells (Hmed et al. 2013).
Scorpion venom component III (SVC III) has profound activity on the NFκB signaling pathway (has role on immunocyte generation, lymphocyte development and cell apoptosis) and thus selectively act upon human leukemia Jurkat cell line and THP-1 cells (Mishal et al. 2013). SVC III prevents cyclin D1 production and inhibits cell cycle at G1 phase (Mishal et al. 2013). Venom derived from Odontobuthus doriae is capable of platelet aggregation and possesses proteolytic enzymes (Mishal et al. 2013). It is a cytotoxic and apoptogenic agent as it has lactase dehydrogenase (LDH) (Mishal et al. 2013). This LDH can lower cell viability activating caspase-3 and mitochondrial depolarization (Ahluwalia and Shah 2014). Proteases derived from scorpion Mesobuthus gibbosus are proteolytic and gelatinolytic against human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) (Mishal et al. 2013). An extensive research on venom from Blue Scorpion has drawn a conclusion that it can be an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antitumor agent (Podnar 2015). To support this research, a drug named Vidatox 30CH has been formulated by Labiofam (a Cuban company) which reports of lessening the spread of cancer cells, increase life expectancy among cancer patients and has negligible side effects on patients (Podnar 2015). This scorpion venom induces apoptosis in HeLa cell line via both extrinsic and intrinsic pathway as p53 upregulation stimulates bax and downregulates bcl-2 (Díaz-García et al. 2013). A549 cell necrosis, as demonstrated by Díaz-García et al. (2013) was noticed along with p53 and bax downregulation when this scorpion venom was further examined (Díaz-García et al. 2013). Demetrio Rodriguez Fajardo, a 17-year-old Mexican has gained enough recognition by discovering a low molecular weight protein from scorpion venom and has developed a prodrug that can be used as a treatment against breast cancer (Takahashi 2014). He has even quoted that this protein has profound inhibitory activity on uterine cancer cells. This protein as a drug substance in the treatment of cancer is efficacious than conventional therapy even for diabetic patients (Takahashi 2014).
Voltage-gated sodium channels have enormous contribution in blooming of metastasis as many cancers are enriched with these channels (Hmed et al. 2013). It is said that potassium channel has ardent activity in promoting proliferation of tumour cells (Villalonga et al. 2007) and SVTs being bona fide blockers of the K+ channels can be highly efficacious as active pharmaceutical agents (Petricevich et al. 2013; Cremonez et al. 2016). This channel seldom acts as therapeutic target in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune disorders and inflammation (Bergeron and Bingham 2012). Reports confirm that Ca2+ signalling and Ca2+ channel expression are often associated with cancer proliferation and metastasis (Monteith et al. 2012). Innumerable Ca2+ channels mark heart diseases and migraine (Niemeyer et al. 2001). Venomous animals are enriched with diverse venom components and are proficient in targeting voltage-gated ion channels; favouring analysis of these channels and their isoforms (Israel et al. 2017).
The alarming rise in pharmaceuticals to formulate cure to epidemic, endemic and pandemic diseases evokes the hope that SVTs, the possessor of multi-potential components are sure to become the heir in the near future. These molecules are drawing attention as precious tools in the research and development of newer pharmaceutical formulations (Zargan et al. 2011). SVTs and their outstanding performance in Phase I and Phase II clinical trial as effective therapeutic agent is a huge success (Heinen and da Veiga 2011). Research to accomplish the benefits of scorpion venoms is ongoing in all corners of the world and is sure to hit the benchmarks by the next decade to establish a better world.
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