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5 Generations Of Programming Languages Pdf Free: A Brief Overview
Programming languages are the tools that programmers use to create software applications, websites, games, and other digital products. Programming languages have evolved over time to meet the changing needs and preferences of developers and users. In this article, we will explore the five generations of programming languages and how they differ from each other.
First Generation: Machine Language
The first generation of programming languages is also known as machine language or 1G language. Machine language is the lowest level of programming language, consisting of binary code (0s and 1s) that can be directly understood by the computer hardware. Machine language is machine-dependent, meaning that different types of computers have different instruction sets and require different machine languages. Machine language is fast and efficient, but very difficult to write, read, modify, and debug by humans.
Second Generation: Assembly Language
The second generation of programming languages is also known as assembly language or 2G language. Assembly language is a low-level language that uses symbolic instruction codes (mnemonics) to represent machine language instructions. For example, MOV A, B means move the value from register B to register A. Assembly language is easier to understand and modify than machine language, but still requires an assembler (a program that converts assembly code to machine code) to run on a computer. Assembly language is also machine-dependent, with different instruction sets for different machines.
Third Generation: High-Level Language
The third generation of programming languages is also known as high-level language or 3G language. High-level languages are more human-readable and abstract than low-level languages, using English-like words and syntax to express complex logic and data structures. High-level languages are machine-independent, meaning that they can run on different types of computers with the help of a compiler (a program that converts high-level code to machine code) or an interpreter (a program that executes high-level code line by line). Examples of high-level languages include C, C++, Java, Python, Ruby, and JavaScript.
Fourth Generation: Very High-Level Language
The fourth generation of programming languages is also known as very high-level language or 4G language. Very high-level languages are even more abstract and expressive than high-level languages, using natural language-like statements and queries to perform specific tasks. Very high-level languages are mainly used for database programming and scripting, allowing programmers to manipulate data and automate processes with less code. Examples of very high-level languages include SQL, MATLAB, Perl, and Prolog.
Fifth Generation: Visual Language
The fifth generation of programming languages is also known as visual language or 5G language. Visual languages are the most advanced and user-friendly type of programming languages, using graphical tools and icons to create programs without writing code. Visual languages are mainly used for artificial intelligence and expert systems, allowing programmers to model problems and solutions visually. Examples of visual languages include Mercury, OPS5, and Scratch.
Conclusion
In this article, we have briefly introduced the five generations of programming languages and how they differ from each other in terms of level of abstraction, readability, portability, and application domain. Programming languages are constantly evolving to meet the changing needs and preferences of developers and users. If you want to learn more about programming languages and how to use them effectively, you can find many free online courses and resources on Coursera[^2^] or GeeksforGeeks[^1^]. You can also download a free pdf on the evolution of programming languages from ResearchGate[^3^]. Happy coding! aa16f39245